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== Getting involved ==
== Getting involved ==
There are several ways to get involved and give feedback on the standard:  
There are several ways to get involved and contribute to the growing discussion on badge system design:  
* Add your content below!
* Add your content below!
* Join us for our regular '''[https://openbadges.etherpad.mozilla.org/research-calls research / system design calls]'''
* Join us for our weekly '''[http://bit.ly/OBCommCalls community project calls]'''
* Discuss badge system design on the '''[https://groups.google.com/d/forum/openbadges Open Badges list]'''
* Discuss badge system design on the '''[https://groups.google.com/d/forum/openbadges Open Badges forum]'''
* Use the '''[https://twitter.com/search/realtime?q=%23badgesys&src=typd #badgesys]''' hashtag
* Use the '''[https://twitter.com/search/realtime?q=%23badgesys&src=typd #badgesys]''' hashtag on social media channels


== I have comments/questions/thoughts! ==
== I have comments/questions/thoughts! ==
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=== System goals ===
=== System goals ===
There are many reasons for developing a badge system, let's use this spot to write down the goals of possible badge systems. Your goals may or may not be directly related to specific badges. What are yours? Specificity is important but if your badge system has multiple goals, please indicate that as well.
People develop badge systems for many reasons: here's a place to begin to acknowledge the goals that your badge system aims to address. System goals may or may not be directly related to specific badges. In other words, the system may have overarching goals that individual badges work together to address. While goal specificity can play an important role in a system, a system can have multiple goals, as well.
 
Since goals may be intertwined, let's use this area to indicate if certain goals are linked. Additionally, let's use this space to indicate if the listed goals relate to the goals of your proposed or actual badge system. You can do so by adding your name + affiliation to a bulleted point.


* Connect community
* Connect community
*** Carla Casilli (Mozilla Open Badges badges)
*** Toni D. (Badges for Languages)
* Recognize contributions/achievements
* Recognize contributions/achievements
*** Toni D. (Badges for Languages)
***
* Help participants advertise their skills
* Help participants advertise their skills
* Directional / social engineering
*** Carla Casilli (Mozilla Open Badges badges)
***
* Social engineering  
***
***
* Shepherding / guiding
* Shepherding / guiding
*** Carla Casilli (Mozilla badges)
***
* Pathways
* Pathways
** educational
** educational
***
***
** civic  
** civic  
***
***
** environmental  
** environmental  
***
***
** career-focused
** career-focused
*** Carla Casilli (Mozilla badges)
*** Toni D. (Badges for Languages)
** social
***
***


=== Lenses ===
=== Lenses ===
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* philanthropic
* philanthropic
* private / internal
* private / internal
* for-profit or for-sustainable-revenue business models


=== Research ===
=== Research ===
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=== Use cases ===
=== Use cases ===
There are a variety of use cases that we're seeing in the badge system design world. Different from system goals, these define who might design badge systems.
There are a variety of use cases that we're seeing in the badge system design world. Different from system goals, these are generalized descriptions that capture who might design badge systems.
 
* Attendance or participation in an event (for conference presenters/attendees)
* Certification for professional development (for teachers, manufacturing, IT)
* Informal education (in after-school programs, community education)
* Learning opportunities at cultural institutions (in museums, libraries)
* Badges for skills needed at one institution in a field (e.g. "Certified book shelver at this library")
*
*
*
 
=== Case studies ===
This section contains written accounts of badge systems in the wild, hopefully with information about the most important decisions needed in each system.
 
[http://remediatingassessment.blogspot.com/ Dan Hickey] and his team of graduate students working on the badges [http://iudpd.indiana.edu Design Principles Documentation Project] are investigating how 30 winners of the DML Badges for Lifelong Learning contest are designing and modifying their badge systems to fit individual project goals and contexts. This team is beginning to publish case studies of each of the DML projects. The DPD Project aims to thoroughly describe the practices used in each system context, how those practices had to change to better adapt over time, and how they relate to general design principles that could be applied in a number of badge systems.


Dan Hickey and his team of graduate students, Katerina Schenke and Cathy Tran, have investigated some options and you can read more about their work in this [http://www.hastac.org/blogs/kschenke/2013/06/05/design-principles-motivating-learning-digital-badges HASTAC blog post] or [http://remediatingassessment.blogspot.com/2013/06/design-principles-for-motivating.html the original post] found on Dan's Remediating Assessment site. At a later date, we'll unpack them from that post and post here.  
==== DML Case Studies ====
*[http://www.workingexamples.org/example/show/609 Supporter To Reporter (S2R)] - Supporter to Reporter (S2R) provides learning opportunities for young people to take on the roles of sports journalists, media producers, and mentors. S2R Medals will recognize and reward the skills and achievements gained by young reporters who learn and demonstrate a rich array of competencies acquired through their participation in the program.
*[http://www.workingexamples.org/example/show/612 UC Davis: SA&FS Learner Driven Badge System] - The SA&FS program at UC Davis is a new interdisciplinary major promoting holistic critical thinking about food systems. Funded by a MacArthur DML grant, SA&FS designed and implemented a badge system to complement the degree awarded through the program.
*[http://www.workingexamples.org/example/show/617 Sweet Water AQUAPONS Badge Project] - Sweet Water AQUAPONS is an online platform where students gain digital badges as they learn the skills needed in aquaponics. The Sweet Water Foundation (SWF) developed AQUAPONS to provide self-directed learning opportunities to future sustainable agriculture practitioners and expand the field of aquaponics by creating a replicable model for urban agriculture education.


* Community recognition / development
==== Other Case Studies ====
* Academic advancement
*  
* Professional development
*  
* Endorsement
*
*


=== Personas ===
=== Personas ===
There are thousands of possible personas, let's consider them and how they might relate to use cases. Each system context will have its own combination of stakeholders.
Personas are useful in the early stages of badge system design. There are myriad interpretations of what personas are and how they work. In order to disambiguate the way they're described here, here is [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persona_%28user_experience%29 the wikipedia interpretation of them] and [http://www.measuringusability.com/blog/personas-ux.php a practicing UX designer's interpretation of them].
 
There are thousands of possible personas, this area can help us understand how they might relate to use cases. Each system context will have its own combination of stakeholders and personas. There is no universal persona.


* individuals
* individuals
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* [https://docs.google.com/spreadsheet/ccc?key=0AnUOR-0CBMsTdE1hWnJnYXlNdnktVUlhWWdjVzFVR0E&usp=drive_web#gid=0 Badge System Design worksheet]  
* [https://docs.google.com/spreadsheet/ccc?key=0AnUOR-0CBMsTdE1hWnJnYXlNdnktVUlhWWdjVzFVR0E&usp=drive_web#gid=0 Badge System Design worksheet]  
** The Badge System Design worksheet is a google spreadsheet that prompts the designer to consider as many areas of a badge system as possible in the developmental stages. By reviewing it prior to building, it underscores many, if not all of the areas to be considered in the construction of a robust badge system.
** The Badge System Design worksheet is a Google spreadsheet that prompts the system design owner to consider as many areas of a badge system as possible early on in the developmental stages. By reviewing this document prior to building out badges, it underscores many, if not all of the areas to be considered in the construction of a robust badge ''system''.
* [http://www.digitalme.co.uk/assets/pdf/DigitalMe-Badge-Design-Canvas.pdf DigitalME Badge Design Canvas]  
* [http://www.digitalme.co.uk/assets/pdf/DigitalMe-Badge-Design-Canvas.pdf DigitalME Badge Design Canvas]  
** The Badge Design Canvas seeks to simplify the process of developing a badge system by bringing it into the analogue world. This document is intended to be printed out and written upon. A brief encapsulation of important aspects of badge creation and design.
** The Badge Design Canvas seeks to simplify the process of developing a badge system by bringing it into the analogue world. This document is intended to be printed out and written upon. A brief encapsulation of important aspects of badge creation and design.
* [https://www.dropbox.com/s/mewd0ulxoxrlq4g/DPD-card-deck-frontback-draft5-adjustedback.pdf Nate Otto's Design Principles Documentation card deck]
**The Canvas helps designers make the important decisions needed to describe each badge, from its name to who awards it, and encourages people to dig deeply into questions about why each badge is valuable and how they will be used in this context.
** The DPD card deck turns the building of a badge system into a type of game. By shuffling through the deck and selecting different cards, different areas of import can be investigated and addressed.
* <div id="dpdcards">[http://iudpd.indiana.edu/CardDeck DPD Project: Design Principles card deck]</div>
* [http://badg.us Badg.us]
** The DPD card deck was created by Nate Otto using the design principles from Dan Hickey's Design Principles Documentation Project, to which he contributes. It turns the building of a badge system into a type of game.  
**
** There are four categories of cards, containing general principles for Recognizing learning, Assessing learning, Motivating learning, and Studying learning in digital badge systems.
**By shuffling through the deck and selecting different cards, designers analyze how the different components of their badge system work together to promote achievement and program goals. The idea is not to pick "best practices" but to find mutually compatible principles that make badges a good fit for program goals and contexts.  
**Community members may [http://ottonomy.net/contact/ contact Nate Otto, DPD Project coordinator], with questions on how to design a system with the DPD principles and cards and how to run a workshop using the cards.
* [https://www.dropbox.com/s/hv7lc0ky3qy5v7l/offline_tools_for_e-mail.pdf Snook Badge Maker Offline Toolkit]
** Snook has found that creating badges with your hands is a great way to get people to engage and think about Open Badges. These tools have worked well with all ages, interests and backgrounds.
** We recommend you print the badge shapes on coloured paper or card so you can mix and match different colours and shapes. For Mozilla Festival 2013 we laser cut the shapes but it’s just as fun to cut them out by hand.


=== Badge types ===
=== Badge types ===
There are a number of badge types, let's consider what they are and how they might be used. Is there a default type of badge?
There are a number of badge types, let's consider what they are and how they might be used. Is there a default type of badge?
<blockquote>"An Open Badge defines a relationship with an image and metadata. A badge can be used to show how an authority recognizes an earner's achievement, for example, but the important thing is that it describes the relationship between these entities such that the audience can discern its value." -[http://ottonomy.net/2013/12/17/a-badge-describes-a-relationship/ Nate Otto]</blockquote>


* attendance
* attendance
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* skill
* skill
* achievement
* achievement
*affiliation
* affiliation
* competency
* project-complete
* credential
 
=== Assessment ===
Assessment remains a controversial area for recognizing learning. There are many types of assessment and many theories associated with assessment. Badge systems will most likely make use of different forms of assessment.
 
On a related note: What about competency-based learning vs. credit-hour based learning or interest-driven learning? These may all be assessed differently.
 
* formative
** described by Dr. Bernard Bull as a visit to the doctor
* summative
** described by Dr. Bernard Bull as an autopsy
* transformative
** Dan Hickey has spoken about transformative assessment.
 
==== Assessors ====
Additionally, who is assessing and what are their roles? Experts are not the only possible reviewers.
 
* expert
* peer
* self
* algorithmic
 
=== Relationships to other badges ===
 
A badge system is comprised of different badges with some relationship linking one badge to the next. The level of complexity of those relationships can become quite deep. And these relationships can be manifested in various pathways.
 
* simple (badges are only related because they come from the same issuer)
* linearly connected (one badge leads to another)
* complexly interconnected or non-linearly connected (badges cross categories and do not follow a linear pathway)
* complex cross-system linking (badges are connected to badges from other issuer's systems)
 
=== Pathways ===
Pathways or discovery is a way for people to wend their way through different badging experiences: to find new opportunities or to think through possible futures. There are both descriptive pathway and prescriptive pathway approaches. Each approach offers its own pluses and minuses. If you're interested in pathways, you may be interested in reading [http://carlacasilli.wordpress.com/category/pathways-trilogy/ these related blog posts].
 
Descriptive pathways seek to acknowledge the ways that people consciously and willfully choose to earn badges. A descriptive pathway may feel more natural to the badge earner since they’re defining their own paths and they makes use of personal agency.
 
Prescriptive approaches seek to declare one standard or recommended badge earning path over another. This approach can feel more limiting and formal to a badge earner because they're compelled to follow a proposed pathway or drop out of the pathway entirely. Prescriptive approaches may be built on summative assessment.
 
* '''Command path''': suggested or recommended badge arcs.
* '''Contract path''': desired or pledged badge groupings.
* '''Badge desire path''': independently followed or pursued badge passages.
 
The importance of the distinctions between these paths cannot be overemphasized. Why? Because to the earner, each of these avenues will feel very different.
 
===== Command pathways =====
The command approach is the most prescriptive: it relies on a formal, structured and recommended path. Most likely, this badge pathway will be linear—a straight line from one learning experience to another. This is not unlike what occurs in many school courses.
 
===== Contract pathways =====
The contract path encourages the earner to think about and select a potential learning arc. In the strictest sense, it, too, is prescriptive. But because its prescriptiveness is set forth by the earner herself, the potentially dictatorial nature does not carry the same paternalistic qualities.
 
===== Desire pathways =====
The badge desire path carries with it the greatest capacity for knowledge and system emergence. When there is no prescribed pathway, people can find the way that makes sense to them; can choose to follow other people’s paths or can strike out in very different directions.


=== Levels ===
=== Levels ===
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==== Academic ====
==== Academic ====


* common core
* Common Core State Standards (USA)
* web literacy standard
* web literacy standard
* Next Generation Science Standards (USA)


==== Professional ====
==== Professional ====
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== Badge System Design Consultants ==
== Badge System Design Consultants ==
As badges become valuable social capital, we're seeing increasing numbers of badge system designers. This is an unedited list of self-identified badge system designers. One request: if you choose to list here, please indicate your areas of focus. This request is rooted in the idea that badges are highly contextual objects and some system designs are more likely to be domain-relevant to people searching for help.
As badges become valuable social capital, we're seeing increasing numbers of badge system designers. This is an unedited list of self-identified badge system designers and ''inclusion in this list does not indicate endorsement by Mozilla''.  


*
One request: if you choose to list here, please indicate your areas of focus. This request is rooted in the idea that badges are highly contextual objects and some system designs are more likely to be domain-relevant to people searching for help.
*
 
* Lucas Blair PhD | www.littlebirdgames.com | Specialization: Badge-based curriculum design/Badging in games and simulations
 
* Toni D.        | info@badges4languages.org | Specialization: Badge-based curriculum design/Badging in learn languages with the C.E.F.R.


== Catalog of Issuers and Badge Systems ==
== Catalog of Issuers and Badge Systems ==
Confirmed users
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